Chapter 8: WhySST (Y-Fuselage Super Sonic Transporter)

1. Illustration of WhySST flying over a high-density populated area: Unlike Concorde, WhySST (Y-fuselage Super Sonic Transporter) is not too noisy to fly above residential area and city.

WhySST (Y-fuselage Super Sonic Transporter) is a conceptual design for "above mach 1.0" version of Y-fuselage passenger jet. The supersonic transporter is shorter than Concorde, but can carry many more passengers than Concorde did. However, much more significant is WhySST is much more economic and quieter than Concorde.

2. Top view of WhySST.

WhySST is economic and quiet, even more economic and quieter than conventional passenger jets because its 5 parallel turbofans are "hidden" between its vertical stabilizers and rear end of its fuselages and above the lower half of its rear fuselages, but below the rooftop line of its fuselages (invisible when viewed from the front and below). Such positioning reflects the sound from the turbofans upward and reduce the drag when WhySST flies, resulting in less noise transmitted to the area below it.

3. Side view of WhySST; Notice the "hidden" propulsion in the bottom illustration.

4. Front view (top) & rear view (below) of WhySST: The propulsion is invisible from the front.

5. Bottom view of WhySST: Notice the propulsion is invisible from below.

WhySST can accommodate 150 passengers in very comfortable seating, 50% more than Concorde did. In an economic seating configuration, WhySST can carry 200 passengers as within the number of passengers typically carried by narrow body passenger jets, but with a speed twice that of those narrow body aircrafts.

6. A seating arrangement of 150 passengers for WhySST.

Since WhySST will be more economic than Concorde, but can fly as fast as Concorde, airlines and special tour companies will be interested to own the supersonic transporter, including companies that manage the haj and umrah (the Muslim pilgrimage). Such a company has ready customers that number up to hundred thousands if it operates globally. A candidate company maybe Tabung Haji the Malaysian government-linked investment company that manages the pilgrimage if it operates globally transferring not only the Malaysian pilgrims, but also pilgrims from other regions of the world to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and back to their countries. Such a company will be suitable to invest in the development of WhySST and operate the supersonic transporter. When out of the pilgrimage season, the SST can be used for conventional flight including rental to airlines.

7. An illustration of Tabung Haji WhySST flying above Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Being supersonic, having wide loading bay and relatively quiet for a commercial aircraft, WhySST will find a role in military aviation. By having a large opening below its fuselage with foldable doors, WhySST-M (the military variant of WhySST) can carry internally and launch a full-size fixed wing cruise missile or UCAV (Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle).

7. Bottom view of WhySST-M with a large "bomb door". 

8. An illustration of a UCAV diving to target after released from WhySST-M.

Having the turbofans hidden from below not only deflects the sound upward, but also reduces the IR (infrared) signature of the turbofans outlets from below. This reduces the probability of WhySST-M to be detected and hit by SAM (surface-to-air) heat seeking missiles, further enhances the capability of the supersonic transporter as strategic bomber.

10. WhySST-M Lutong Hitam (Black Lutong) strategic bomber. The double white stripe is a stealth initiative. Lutong is a species of monkey living in Malaysia. 

11. WhySST-M Nakba (Catastrophe) strategic bomber is to mark the Nakba Day (15 May), the day the Palestinians were expelled from their Palestine homeland in 1948. This is an illustration of Nakba with Palestine flag flying above Masjidil-Aqsa.

WhySST is another great potential of Y-fuselage concept, which will find its market both in civil and military aviation.


DISCLAMER

1. The "high-density populated area" background in figure 1 is from a public website.
2. The UCAV in figure 8 is from a public website.


Chapter 7: Pushquito Push Quadcopter

Chapter 9: WhyHST (Y-Fuselage Hyper Sonic Transporter)

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Chapter 7: Pushquito Push GT (Gran Turismo) Quadcopter

1. Illustration of Pushquito flying at noon under the sun, viewed directly from below it.

Push quadcopter is different from conventional quadcopter because a vertical propeller at the rear-end of its fuselage is used for pushing the quadcopter forward. The other 3 propellers which are at horizontal plane, are used to provide lift as in conventional quadcopter. Varying the speed of the side propellers controls roll, while varying the speed of the front-end propeller controls pitch, and synchronizing the speed of the 3 horizontal propellers control yaw. As such, the configuration of push quadcopter allows for better aerodynamic (because only 1 propeller is located at the front-end) and greater thrust (because the thrust is provided by a vertical plane propeller) than in conventional quadcopter, allowing push quadcopter to fly faster than conventional quadcopter.

"Pushquito" is the 1st conceptual design of push quadcopter. It is a 2-door 4-seat GT (gran turismo) quadcopter, meaning it is suitable to travel a significant distance in a significant speed with comfort for 4 people.

2. Top view of Pushquito.

"Pushquito" is a word coined by me, carrying a meaning, "the first push quadcopter and a small one", as the word "Push" describes the thrust provided by a push propeller, "q" represents quadcopter, "quito" represents "1" as the numerical value of quito in Chaldean and Pythagorean numerology is "1", and "Pushquito" sounds similar to "mosquito", a small flying insect.

3. Side view of Pushquito: The contra-rotating propellers are visible in the bottom illustration.

The thrust of Pushquito is provided by a single vertical contra rotating propeller, each with twin blades. The lift is provided by 3 contra rotating horizontal propellers. All the propellers are ducted for better safety. The position of the front-end propeller is low enough to provide an unobstructive forward view to the pilot and the passengers. A single front propeller is an advantage in the design of push quadcopter compared to the twin front propeller as required in the design of conventional quadcopter.

4. Top view of Pushquito: Notice the low profile front horizontal propeller duct.

5. Bottom view of Pushquito with the propellers rotating.

Of course a push quadcopter may have twin push propellers or other type of propulsion including turbofan for greater thrust. In this case, the push units are considered as a unit of propulsion so that such aircraft can still be categorized as push quadcopter.

DISCLAMER

The "sunny blue sky" background in figure 1 is from a public website.

Chapter 6: MARS (Martian Air Rover & Sampler)

Chapter 8: WhySST (Y-Fuselage Super Sonic Transporter)

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Chapter 6: MARS (Martian Air Rover & Sampler)

1. MARS (Martian Air Rover & Sampler) in very low altitude hovering over Mars surface.

ADIB (see ADIB) is very modular. I have further explored the applicability and modularity of ADIB and it resulted in a concept for applications of ADIB on planet Mars called, MARS (Martian Air Rover & Sampler).

Martian air is different from that of Earth. It's atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide with pressure of only 0.6% that of Earth at sea level. By this comparison alone, without considering the gravity, the low altitude air density on Mars is equal to the air density at 35km altitude on Earth - the air on Mars is very thin.

2. View of Mars & Earth from an altitude within their atmosphere.

However, since Mars gravity is only 40% that of Earth gravity, Mars air at low altitude is actually denser than that of Earth at the same altitude when adjusted to the same pressure. This is why "aerobraking", the technique of using the atmospheric drag to safely land vehicles from air was successfully used to land various landers on Mars surface - aircrafts can fly on Mars.

3. Aerobraking at work in Mars atmosphere.

MARS the quadcopter will be very effective for Mars exploration because it can travel safer and faster than the vehicles travelling on the surface, as it travels in the air, and also it can land on specific spots for specific activities, roving in the air and sampling the surface - the reason it is properly named, "Mars Air Rover & Sampler".

The top surface of MARS is fully covered by solar cells to provide continuous charging of batteries that power its 4 electric contra-rotating propellers. There is however, a pole at the center that houses a stereo camera for piloting MARS and a communication antenna.

4. Top view of MARS: The top of it is fully covered by solar cells, except for the telescopic pole at the center which houses the piloting stereo camera & communication antenna.

There are 4 "compound-eye" cameras, circular lighting and a robotic arm at the bottom surface of MARS. When at a distance from a sampling site, the cameras provide parallel view of a sample directly below MARS, but at a close proximity, the cameras provide 4 sided view of the sample. The lighting is to light the sample when it is under shade. The robotic arm at the center can can dig into the sample, scoop the sample, hold it, crash it and feel it, and finally transfer the sample into the storage inside the fuselage for further analyses. The samples later can be returned to the sampling site or delivered to the base for collection and more detailed specific analyses.

5. Side view of MARS with its 2 foreground ducted fans removed to make the robotic arm & 3 out of 4 compound-eye cameras visible.

The robotic arm actually has a hand palm and fingers that are very similar to that of human, as such is considered the best hand palm and fingers design for scientific activities designed by human scientist. The fingers can even feel the texture of the sample and there are sensors with low-power lasers at the end of the fingers and on the palm. Therefore the hand not only can pick up a sample, but it can also perform significant scientific analyses of the sample.

The sampling can be done while hovering at a fix point above the sampling site or by landing on the site. For perfect landing and sampling, MARS 4 landing gears are telescopic and computer-synchronized so that it always land horizontally even if the sampling sites may be on a slope.

6. MARS landed on a sloped surface: Notice that its fuselage is horizontal due to synchronization of its telescopic landing gears.

MARS is autonomous as there is not yet a human exploration on Mars. However, as there are planned human exploration on Mars, I have also produced a concept of manned MARS called "MARS-II", described in a following chapter.


DISCLAIMER

1. The Mars panorama in figure 1 & 6 is from a public website.
2. Figure 2 & 3 are from 2 different public websites.

Chapter 5: Why1000 Gardenia & Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier)

Chapter 7: Pushquito Push Quadcopter

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Chapter 5: Why1000 Gardenia & Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier)

1. Why1000 Gardenia & Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier).

Why1000 is a development of Why600 Y-fuselage concept (see Why600), where the whole area between the 2 fuselages at the rear half of the aircraft is utilized as the cabin. This produced an aircraft with the size of Why600 (the length and wingspan are the same), but can carry twice the number of passengers. However, Why1000 can carry 1000 passengers or 500 passengers and accommodate a garden, which is why the aircraft is named, Why1000 Gardenia.

Not only that Why1000 can accommodate a garden which is twice the size of the recreational futsal court accommodated by Why600, Why1000 also have extra features that are not available in Why600.

Why1000 is powered by 3 jet engines positioned above the fuselage and center of gravity. There is a very large "skydoor", the type of French door right at the front of the engines. This skydoor enables large objects to be loaded and unloaded from above into the area where the garden is, when the area is utilized as the storage for heavy military vehicles, as in Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier).

There is a pair of body flaps, which is actually the extension of its tailplane that connects the left and right side of the rear wing. These body flaps provide extra control to the momentum of Why1000. There is a large rear sliding door equipped with a foldable ramp. Why1000 SMC uses this rear door to load and unload large and heavy wheeled payloads including tanks and heavy trucks, while Why1000 Gardenia uses it as the emergency "grand" exit.

2. Top view of of Why1000: Visible are "skydoor", 3 jet engines, body flaps, and rear sliding door.

3. Side view of Why1000.

4. Front view of Why1000.

5. Bottom view of Why1000: Notice the rear sliding door.

Why1000 Gardenia

The garden is designed to accommodate almost 40% of the passengers at one time, therefore equipped with the suitable number of seats for safety of the passengers as the aircraft maybe accidentally flying through turbulence when there are passengers in the garden. The availability of the seats in the garden and the long duration of flight, as Why1000 is to fly on long endurance flights, which is above 12 hours (such as between Western Europe and Far East or Eastern Europe and West Coast USA), all the passengers will have the opportunity to enjoy themselves in the garden for a significant period of time (more than several hours, enough for reading a book in the garden to completion).

The grassy floor of the garden is actually astrotuft (artificial grass surface field), but the small trees and flowers in the garden are real, except that they are safely anchored to the floor beneath the astrotuft. There are also washrooms in the garden.

Why 1000 Gardenia is designed assuming that passengers will be willing to pay twice the standard fee for flying (the 1000-passenger mode) in maximum comfort with an in-flight real size garden. The passengers seating in the garden may have their meals and watch in-flight entertainment videos as those seats are the standard comfortable long endurance seats, and the standard cabin services are made available in the garden too.

6. A possible layout of the garden onboard Why1000.

The garden is designed with a purposeful size of 16 X 25m, which is the minimum size of a competition futsal court, so that the garden can be substituted with such futsal court. The idea is to allow a futsal competition to be held in-flight, as if Why1000 is an airborne futsal stadium accommodating 500 people (players, crews and spectators). In this mode, each seat video monitor is connected to the video cameras recording live the competition. However for safety, the aircraft need to fly at a minimum  altitude above 15km during the game to avoid turbulence.

7. The size of the garden is equal to the size of the standard small futsal court. Therefore, the garden can be suitably substituted with a standard futsal court.

My friend, Amzari Abas has voiced out about having an inflight futsal league. For example, the league can be started an hour after the take off and completed an hour before landing of a 14-hour flight. Such league may even be co-hosted by few countries including the 2 countries where the aircraft take off and landing respectively and the countries where the aircraft flies over their airspace.

Why1000 SMC 

Why1000 SMC can carry 12 MBTs (main battle tanks) and 500 soldiers or 1000 soldiers in comfortable seating for long endurance flight. The MBTs can be loaded and unloaded into the storage area through the skydoor using a crane or they can be driven into and out of the storage through the rear door as there is a foldable ramp at the door, and the seats between the storage and the door can be removed (the seats can be re-installed after the MBTs are secured in the storage).

8.Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier) can carry 12 MBTs (main battle tanks) & 500 soldiers or 1000 soldiers in comfortable seating for long endurance flight.

9.12 MBTs can be driven into and out from the storage area of Why1000 SMC via the rear door which is equipped with a foldable ramp. 

Capability of carrying 12 MBTs is a tremendous improvement over the capability of current strategic military carrier aircrafts such as Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, which can only carry 1 MBT and 3 AFVs (armored fighting vehicles) or 6 ASVs (armored security vehicles). Why1000 SMC will be very effective for large air forces such as USAF and Russian Air Forces or NATO to deploy 12 MBTs and 500 soldiers or similar size payloads in a single aircraft to a distanced war theater.

10. C-17 Globemaster III military cargo statistics.

The revolutionary concept of Y-fuselage makes possible the design of Why1000 Gardenia that can accommodate a real size garden and Why1000 SMC that can accommodate 12 MBTs, without exceeding the gigantic size of Airbus 380.

DISCLAIMER

1. The illustrations of M1 Abrams main battle tanks in figure 8 & 9 are from public websites.

2. Figure 10 is from a public webite.

Chapter 4: LMAO (Low-altitude Mobile Astronomical Observatory)

Chapter 6: MARS (Martian Air Rover & Sampler)

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Chapter 4: LMAO (Low-altitude Mobile Astronomical Observatory)

1. Illustration of LMAO (Low-altitude Mobile Astronomical Observatory) hovering over a city.

LMAO is a common word people use when responding on a very funny posting on facebook or other social medias, supposedly carrying the translation of, "laughing my ass off". However, I have explored the applicability and modularity of ADIB (see ADIB) and found that the symmetrical quadcopter can be effectively function as airborne astronomical observatory I called, "LMAO" too, but the acronym of "Low-altitude Mobile Astronomical Observatory".

2. Top view of LMAO.

LMAO however is different from ADIB that it deserves to be described on a different chapter in this book. First of all, on top of LMAO, there is a rotatable astronomical dome that is typically installed as a the roof for an astronomical observatory that house a telescope, as each LMAO carry an astronomical telescope. 

2nd, the propulsion of LMAO is different from that of ADIB. LMAO electric propulsion has lower RPM (revolution per minute) than that of ADIB as LMAO ascends and descends at lower rate compared to ADIB. LMAO is designed to hover at geostationary low altitude, while ADIB is to travel from one point to another. This is because LMAO is an astronomical observatory, while ADIB is a transporter.

3. Side view of LMAO with the dome window facing forward.

In astronomy, too much light is considered as pollution because it decreases the effectiveness of astronomical observation, that such is called, "light pollution". LMAO is to overcome light pollution. It is the astronomical observatory to function at cities to serve urban astronomy - astronomical observation in the cities.

4. Side view of LMAO with the dome window facing sideward.

LMAO can be landed on flattop buildings or at a park or piazza in the cities. It will be flown to only few hundreds meters from the city rooftops on fully autonomous or with a couple of astronomers onboard. Being at these altitudes, LMAO will provide tremendous improvement to urban astronomy, enabling city dwellers including students of city universities to enjoy astronomy as good as that being enjoyed by those in the countries.

5. Assuming the building in this illustration is "The School of Physics & Astronomy", of a city university, employing LMAO will safe land and budget to build a separate astronomical observatory.

6. A mounted telescope inside LMAO.

Each LMAO carries a mounted telescope, which can provide real time images of astronomical objects being observed to observers on the ground. When flown in autonomous mode, the telescope performs auto-tracking and auto-focus of those objects. The telescope mount is installed on a very stable platform that is designed to minimize vibration because the quality of the image is very sensitive to platform stability and instrument vibration.

The most important specification of LMAO however is its low and constant RPM propulsion with total zero torque that enables LMAO to hover steadily at a point for several hours. This is where computer-stabilized contra-rotating propellers with with torque cancellation and minimum number of moving parts play the most significant role.

Although LMAO is designed to perform astronomical observation at a low altitude geostationary point, it maintains its mobile capability. The RPM of each propellers can be slightly differentiated to enable motion in all horizontal directions so that LMAO can be moved to "variable geostationary locations" for better "collective astronomical observation".

DISCLAIMER

1. The background in figure 1 is from a public website.

2. The illustration of telescope in figure 6 is from a public website.

Chapter 3: Why600 "Y-Fuselage" Passenger Jet with Futsal Court

Chapter 5: Why1000 Gardenia & Why1000 SMC (Strategic Military Carrier)

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Chapter 3: Why600 Y-Fuselage Passenger Jet with Futsal Court

1. Size comparison between Why600 & A380: Why600 is smaller than Airbus A380, but it can carry more passengers than an A380 does because of its "Y-fuselage" design. 

On 13 October 2018, Malaysian newspapers have reported that the Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Mahathir Mohamad has expressed his vision that future large passenger jets may be able to accommodate futsal court. 

2. The newsreport in Malay from a Malaysian newspaper, "PM bayang kapal terbang masa depan ada futsal" ("PM imagines future passenger jets have futsal court").

Sports recreational facilities like futsal court will be useful for very long period flights that exceed 12 hours. However, futsal court will require such passenger jets to have very wide body, beyond that of the maximum practical diameter of Airbus A380.

Large aircraft engine technology has evolved significantly enabling such flights, but aircraft design, particularly that of very large passenger jets still has not. The design to accommodate very large number of passengers is done basically only by increasing the diameter and length of the fuselage, which has a practical limit.

I have produced few concepts of new fuselage design to accommodate much greater number of passengers without exceeding the practical diameter and length of the fuselage. One of these concepts is called, "Y-fuselage" (the other concepts are called "H-fuselage" & "O-fuselage"). 

Y-fuselage enables large passenger jets remain at the practical maximum size of A380, but can carry up twice the number of passengers, or the same number of passengers with large sports recreational facilities such as futsal courts.

Why600 is a conceptual design of large passenger jet of "Y-fuslage" that can carry 600 passengers and accommodate a recreational futsal court.

3. Why600 "Y-fuselage" Large Passenger Jet (top view).

Why600 is powered by twin powerful jet engines rated higher than the twin jet engines powering Boeing 777 for long endurance and economic flight. The position of the engines at the rear between the fuselage enables better safety and shorter turn-around time.

Being concealed between the fuselage, the engines are totally not accessible to the passengers boarding and leaving Why600, unlike the current situation where wing-mounted engines of conventional large passenger jets are exposed to the boarding and leaving passengers.

With the engines concealed, they can be safely ignited and running while the passengers are boarding, and therefore allowing early engine warm-up. This enables shorter turn-around time for Why600.

The positioning of the twin engines at the rear and between the fuselage frees the wing from having any engine attached to it. Therefore, the wing is lighter and more aerodynamic. A lighter wing  means less complicated and lower cost production. Such aerodynamic "clean-wing" also translate into higher efficiency and lower operational cost. This is a major improvement in the design of large passenger jets as almost all of them have wing-mounted engines.

4. A seating configuration of Why600 which can accommodate a recreational futsal court.

The futsal court however is not a full-size one, but large enough for recreational futsal and to be utilized as gymnasium. During flight, there can be some gymnasium exercise programs with instructors offered to the passengers.

5. Side view of Why600.

6. Front view of Why600.

A special utilization of Why600 will be an effective platform for microgravity experiment, where large aircrafts are flown in "multiple parabolic jump" to simulate microgravity environment to their passengers and payloads. Each parabolic jump produces up to 20s microgravity time, and a series of 15 parabolic jumps will produce 300s of total microgravity time considered significant enough for effective microgravity experimentation and activities. 

7. A flight profile simulation of an A310 microgravity aircraft.

A friend of mine, Oliver Ullrich who is a leading microgravity flight scientist that has flown many hours of microgravity experimentation, has said the the fuselage width of a microgravity aircraft is more significant than the length of its fuselage. Why600 with its fuselage width more than twice that of A380 will be a very effective platform for microgravity experimentation and activities. 

8. The fuselage width of a microgravity aircraft is significant for microgravity experimentation and activities. For such, Why600 will be a very effective microgravity laboratory.

Y-fuselage design results in twin fuselages at the rear with a significant area between them. If the area is utilized as part of the rear cabin, the aircraft can carry many more passengers, resulting in Why1000 (see Why1000).

Building a very large passenger jet bigger than A380 may not be practical not only for its design and production complication, but also for airport standardization, although there is such requirement to carry very large number of passengers. "Y-fuselage" maybe is the most practical approach to design such passenger jet that can carry very large number of passengers, but limited by the practicality of size. It is also maybe a break-through in the clean-wing design of large passenger jets.

  

DISCLAIMER

1. The illustration of Airbus A380 in figure no. 1 is from a public website.

2. Figure no. 2 is from a public website.

3. The illustration in figure no. 7 is from a public website.

4. The 2 photos in figure no. 8 are from 2 different public websites.

Chapter 2: ADIB (Air Deployment Integrated Bomba)

Chapter 4: LMAO (Low-altitude Mobile Astronomical Observatory)

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